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موضوع: گلچین دستورات لینوکس

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    مدیر کل Vahid آواتار ها
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    Aug 2008
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    پیش فرض گلچین دستورات لینوکس

    We've put together some of the more frequently used SSH commands or linux shell commands, and organized them by name so you can easily find a command, their description and how to use it. This guide will continue to be updated and should not be considered a complete list of SSH commands or linux shell commands, but commands, we found, often used. If you would like to add to this guide, please email us and let us know.

    Common SSH Commands or Linux Shell Commands,
    ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
    ls -al : shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.

    cd : change directory · · cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
    cd ~ : go to your home directory
    cd - : go to the last directory you were in
    cd .. : go up a directory cat : print file contents to the screen

    cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen

    chmod: changes file access permissions
    The set of 3 go in this order from left to right:
    0 = --- No permission
    1 = --X Execute only
    2 = -W- Write only
    3 = -WX Write and execute
    4 = R-- Read only
    5 = R-X Read and execute
    6 = RW- Read and write
    7 = RWX Read, write and execute
    Usage:
    chmod numberpermissions filename

    chmod 000 : No one can access
    chmod 644: Usually for HTML pages
    chmod 755: Usually for CGI scripts


    chown: changes file ownership permissions
    The set of 2 go in this order from left to right:
    USER - GROUP

    chown root myfile.txt : Changes the owner of the file to root
    chown root.root myfile.txt : Changes the owner and group of the file to root


    tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
    tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
    tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it's being updated
    tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen

    more: like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
    more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file. hit Spaceto go to the next page, q to quit

    pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
    pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user's website.


    File Editing with VI ssh commands
    vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
    vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user's website.
    Whie in the vi program you can use the following useful commands, you will need to hit SHIFT + : to go into command mode

    :q! : This force quits the file without saving and exits vi
    :w : This writes the file to disk, saves it
    :wq : This saves the file to disk and exists vi
    :LINENUMBER : EG :25 : Takes you to line 25 within the file
    :$ : Takes you to the last line of the file
    :0 : Takes you to the first line of the file

    grep : looks for patterns in files
    grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
    grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root

    ln : create's "links" between files and directories
    ln -s /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd.conf : Now you can edit /etc/httpd.conf rather than the original. changes will affect the orginal, however you can delete the link and it will not delete the original.


    last : shows who logged in and when
    last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
    last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field

    w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.
    who : This also shows who is on the server in an shell.

    netstat : shows all current network connections.
    netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
    netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.

    top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn't bogged down.
    top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage

    ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It's used to show currently running processes and their PID.
    A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
    ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
    ps aux : shows all system processes
    ps aux --forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that's very useful!

    touch : create an empty file
    touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/

    file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it's content.
    file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory

    du : shows disk usage.
    du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
    du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.

    wc : word count
    wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt

    cp : copy a file
    cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
    cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.
    cp -av * ../newdir : Copies all files and directories recurrsively in the current directory INTO newdir

    mv : Move a file command
    mv oldfilename newfilename : Move a file or directory from oldfilename to newfilename

    rm : delete a file
    rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
    rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
    rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!

    TAR
    : Creating and Extracting .tar.gz and .tar files
    tar -zxvf file.tar.gz : Extracts the file
    tar -xvf file.tar : Extracts the file
    tar -cf archive.tar contents/ : Takes everything from contents/ and puts it into archive.tar
    gzip -d filename.gz : Decompress the file, extract it

    ZIP Files: Extracting .zip files shell command
    unzip file.zip


    Firewall - iptables commands
    iptables -I INPUT -s IPADDRESSHERE -j DROP : This command stops any connections from the IP address
    iptables -L : List all rules in iptables
    iptables -F : Flushes all iptables rules (clears the firewall)
    iptables --save : Saves the currenty ruleset in memory to disk
    service iptables restart : Restarts iptables

    Apache Shell Commands
    httpd -v : Outputs the build date and version of the Apache server.
    httpd -l : Lists compiled in Apache modules
    httpd status : Only works if mod_status is enabled and shows a page of active connections
    service httpd restart : Restarted Apache web server

    MySQL Shell Commands
    mysqladmin processlist : Shows active mysql connections and queries
    mysqladmin drop databasenamehere : Drops/deletes the selected database
    mysqladmin create databasenamehere : Creates a mysql database

    Restore MySQL Database Shell Command
    mysql -u username -p password databasename < databasefile.sql : Restores a MySQL database from databasefile.sql

    Backup MySQL Database Shell Command
    mysqldump -u username -p password databasename > databasefile.sql : Backup MySQL database to databasefile.sql




    kill: terminate a system process
    kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
    kill PID
    EG: kill 10550
    Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)

    EG:



    PID TTY TIME COMMAND 10550 pts/3 0:01 /bin/csh 10574 pts/4 0:02 /bin/csh 10590 pts/4 0:09 APP
    Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.

    Putting commands together
    Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.
    > means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
    >> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
    < send input from a file back into a command.

    grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more
    This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.

    last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp
    This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/

    tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more
    This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents 'anything',
    -- comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.

    netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l
    Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)

    mysqladmin processlist |wc -l
    Show how many current open connections there are to mysql

    برای پیش رفت در علم آسانسوری وجود ندارد پله ها را باید پیاده رفت /./ همیشه این یادتان باشد که دست بالای دست بسیار است.
    يادمان باشد براي يك بار ايستادن صد ها بار افتاده ايم /./ بک آپ مهمترین رمز موفقیت هاستینگ /./ امنیت مطلق نیست.
    ارتباط مستقیم با من :
    Admin -{(@)}- WebHostingTalk . ir

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