The universe is a big place, so from a mathematical perspective, it seems like life should exist somewhere else. This is demonstrated by the Drake Equation, which estimates how many detectable alien civilizations there might be out there. Even with so many stars and planets, we haven’t found any sign of life, and no one is sure why — this is known as Fermi’s Paradox. Now, astrobiologists from the Australian National University have proposed an explanation. They hypothesize that all the aliens are dead.
Aditya Chopra and Charley Lineweaver are not the first to suggest this. The basic premise of life dying out before we can find it is called the Great Filter. It holds that the conditions for the development of life are very rare, meaning it rarely develops in the first place. The hypothesis proposed by Chopra and Lineweaver says that life is very common, but only on young planets.

They call this the Gaian Bottleneck, and our own solar system is something of an example. Earth, Mars, and Venus might all have played host to life billions of years ago when they were more similar. However, Mars was too small to hold on to its atmosphere and Venus fell victim to a runaway greenhouse effect. Only Earth was left with a habitable surface. The Gaian Bottleneck hypothesis says this might be common — most potentially habitable planets develop life, but it becomes extinct almost all the time when conditions on the planet change.
Chopra and Lineweaver say that some planets (like Earth) might be able to save themselves when living organisms develop the ability to biologically regulate the atmosphere, like cyanobacteria did billions of years ago. So, maybe the universe is a microbial graveyard, or maybe aliens are just avoiding us. Either way, it’s kind of a bummer.

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